不同饲料效率与绵羊瘤胃组织形态学关系

【目的】利用单栏系统测定个体的饲料效率相关性状与瘤胃组织形态学指标,探讨绵羊饲料效率与瘤胃组织形态的关系,为解析绵羊饲料效率性状的影响因素研究提供基础数据。【方法】随机选取出生日龄相近、系谱信息详细、健康状况良好的187湖羊公羔,56 d断奶后转入单栏饲养,过渡期14 d,预饲期10 d,正试期100 d。正试期内所有羊只仅饲喂颗粒饲料,自由采食及饮水,并在80 d和180 d晨饲前空腹测定其体重（body weight,BW）和80—180 d间的采食量（feed intake,FI）,计算平均日增重（average daily gain,ADG）、中期代谢体重（metabolic body weight, MBW）、饲料转化率（feed conversion rate,FCR）和剩余采食量（residual feed intake,RFI）等饲料效率相关性状并对其进行描述性统计,于180 d饲养结束后屠宰采集瘤胃腹囊组织1 cm²保存于4%甲醛溶液中,用于制作组织切片并观测其瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和肌层厚度。最后将其与饲料效率相关性状进行相关分析和方差分析。【结果】饲料效率相关性状的变异系数均大于10%,且剩余采食量最大与最小的个体每天的剩余采食量之差达0.57 kg。饲料效率相关性状间的表型相关分析表明剩余采食量与饲料转化率（r= 0.68）和采食量（r= 0.48）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与初始体重（r=0）、末期体重（r= -0.01）和平均日增重（r= -0.02）无显著相关（P>0.05）。饲料效率相关性状与瘤胃组织形态相关性分析发现,瘤胃乳头长度与平均日增重、采食量、初始体重和末期体重呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05或P<0.01）,肌层厚度与平均日增重、采食量和末期体重呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05或P<0.01）,而剩余采食量和饲料转化率与瘤胃组织形态无显著相关。不同RFI组羔羊采食量、饲料转化率和瘤胃肌层厚度存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）,瘤胃乳头长、宽无显著差异（P>0.05）,其中High-RFI组羔羊采食量和饲料转化率极显著高于Low-RFI组（P<0.01）,肌层厚度显著高于Medium-RFI组（P<0.05）;不同FCR组羔羊的剩余采食量、采食量、ADG、初始体重、末期体重和乳头长度存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）,肌层厚度和乳头宽度差异不显著（P>0.05）,其中High-FCR组羔羊剩余采食量、采食量、ADG、初始体重和末期体重均显著或极显著高于Low-FCR组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,Medium-FCR组羔羊乳头长度显著长于Low-FCR组（P<0.05）;除瘤胃乳头宽度外,不同FI组羔羊的上述指标均存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且High-FI组羔羊的剩余采食量、饲料转化率、ADG、初始体重、末期体重、肌层厚度和乳头长度均显著或极显著高于Low-FI组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;不同ADG组羔羊采食量、饲料转化率、初始体重、末期体重和肌层厚度均存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）,乳头长度和乳头宽度无显著差异（P>0.05）,其中High-ADG组羔羊采食量、剩余采食量、初始体重、末期体重和肌层厚度均显著或极显著高于Low-ADG组,饲料转化率则极显著低于Low-ADG组。【结论】剩余采食量与采食量和饲料转化率等饲料效率性状呈极显著正相关,表明其可作为衡量饲料效率的潜在指标。剩余采食量和饲料转化率与瘤胃组织形态学指标无显著相关,采食量和平均日增重与瘤胃乳头长度和肌层厚度呈显著正相关,表明羔羊瘤胃组织形态对采食量和增重有显著影响,但其进一步的作用机制有待深入研究。     

我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策

我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。     

一类具有饱和发生率的虫媒传染病模型研究

考虑虫媒传染病具有潜伏期的特征,研究了一类具有饱和发生率的时滞传染病模型的动力学行为,确定了疾病是否流行的阈值R_0.当R_01时,无病平衡点全局渐近稳定,疾病将最终灭绝;当R_01时,唯一地方病平衡点条件稳定,系统会产生Hopf分支.     

Effects of starvation,subsequent feeding and photoperiod on flesh quality in farmed cod (Gadus morhua)

The study was designed to investigate the effect of four cycles of 5 weeks starvation followed by 10‐week refeeding compared with daily feeding under either natural photoperiod or continuous light (LL) regime on body composition and flesh quality in Atlantic cod in sea cages, northern Norway. The fish were sampled for body composition and flesh quality parameters at the start of the trial, twice at the end of a 10‐week feeding period and twice at the end of a 5‐week starvation period. There was effect of both feeding and light regime on growth, the two starving groups losing weight during starvation and regaining weight during refeeding, and the group under LL being heavier. But, the mean overall growth did not vary between groups. Starvation/refeeding regime resulted in higher slaughter yield, but no overall effect was seen on hepatosomatic index, water content, water holding capacity (WHC), muscle pH, hardness or flesh colour compared with control groups. Continuous light increased gutted weight and slaughter yield, lowered WHC and depressed maturation compared with fish under natural light regime. Increased growth rate resulted in softer fillets and lower muscle pH.     

Carbohydrate and crude protein fractions in perennial ryegrass as affected by defoliation frequency and nitrogen application rate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein (CP) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio (WSC:CP) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP, reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage (P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn (P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐NO₃) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage (P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC:CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC:CP ratio was greater (P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons (P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.     

保水缓释肥料保水性能及养分释放特性

为了明确添加水溶性保水剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠)肥料的保水缓释效果,利用圆盘造粒工艺制备了保水缓释肥料,通过土壤培养和土柱淋溶试验,研究了保水缓释肥料在土壤中的保水性能和养分缓释效果。结果表明:3种保水缓释肥料均具有一定保水性和养分缓释效果,随保水缓释肥料用量增加,土壤最大持水率逐渐增加,土壤水分蒸发率逐渐减小;其中,以添加聚丙烯酸钠的保水缓释肥料保水性能和养分缓释效果最佳,首次淋溶后氮磷钾养分释放率较普通肥料分别减少了50.38%、55.74%、48.37%,当肥料添加量为2%时,土壤最大持水率较纯土壤提高了43.28%,培养至30 d土壤水分蒸发率较纯土壤降低了22.86%。     

Growth performance and whole‐body composition of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) under feeding restriction

Fish growth is an important index in aquaculture practice. However, the effect of growth under restricted feeding on quality of fish grown to the same size remains poorly unknown. In this study, yellow catfish were reared by feeding them at three different feeding rates such as low (FR‐L group), medium (FR‐M group) and high (apparent satiation) ration levels for 82, 58 and 34 days to reach the same size, respectively. After this period, the growth performance, whole‐body amino acid composition and fatty acid profile of the fish were evaluated. Feeding restriction led to significant decreases in specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Significant increases in dry matter, protein and energy contents were observed in fish under both restricted feeding treatments. FR‐L‐treated fish had significantly lower whole‐body essential amino acid contents, and significantly higher Ala and non‐essential amino acid contents compared to fish fed to satiation. Fish in restricted feeding treatments had significantly higher n‐3 PUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio compared to the fish fed to satiation. The present results indicate that from a quality perspective, there are certain advantages in improvement of whole‐body composition and enrichment of n‐3 PUFA associated with the restricted feeding of yellow catfish at slow growth rate.     

海岛优良树种在浙东沿海推广试验初报

于2013年,在浙东沿海三个生境类似地方,即舟山衢山、宁波象山、台州温岭,研究了保水剂对红楠(M-achilus thunbergii)、普陀樟(Cinnamomun japonicum var.chenii)、全缘冬青(Ilex integra)3树种容器苗造林保存率和生长的影响。结果表明:在舟山衢山,T20处理能显著提高3树种的造林保存率,较CK提高17.2%;而在宁波象山、台州温岭,则没有显著变化。在舟山衢山,T20处理的全缘冬青和普陀樟的苗高增量、地径增量、高增幅和地径增幅显著高于CK(P0.01);而在台州温岭和宁波象山,则没有显著差异(P0.05)。在3处试验地,红楠经过T20处理后苗高增量、地径增量、高增幅和地径增幅显著高于CK(P0.01),而宁波象山与台州温岭两地,该4项指标在P0.05水平上没有显著差异。